Spine Information
Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome
Table of Contents
In the first part of the 20th century, sacroiliac (SI) joint
syndrome was the most common diagnosis for lumbago (low back pain). Any
pain in the low back, buttock, or adjacent leg was usually referred to
as SI joint syndrome. Before 1932, SI joint syndrome was a particularly
popular diagnosis. There was actually a period referred to as the "Era
of the SI Joint."
In the late 1980s, many physicians "rediscovered" the SI joints as a
possible source of back pain. Yet even today, SI joint pain is often
overlooked. Many physicians have not been trained to consider it. Many
are still reluctant to believe a joint that has so little movement can
cause back pain.
Learn about SI joint syndrome including
- where the SI joints are located and how they are affected
- what causes the condition
- what symptoms are present
- how a diagnosis is made
- what treatment options are available
In order to understand your symptoms and treatment options, it helps
to begin with a basic understanding of the anatomy of your low back.
This includes becoming familiar with the various parts that make up the
lumbar spine and how these parts work together.
There are two sacroiliac (SI) joints
in your pelvis that connect the sacrum (tailbone) and the ilium (large
pelvic bone). The SI joints connect your spine to the pelvis, and thus,
to the entire lower half of the skeleton.
Like any other joints, there is articular cartilage on both sides of
the SI joint surfaces. But unlike most other joints, the SI joints are
covered by two different kinds of cartilage. The articular surfaces
have both hyaline (glassy, slick) and fibrocartilage (spongy) surfaces
that rub against each other. The joints also have many large ridges
(bumps) and depressions (dips in the surface that fit together like a
puzzle).
The SI joints are also unique in that they are not designed for much
motion. It is common for the SI joint to become stiff and actually
"lock" as people age. The SI joint only moves about two to four
millimeters during weight bearing and forward flexion. This small
amount of motion occurring in the joint is described as a "gliding"
type of motion. Due to the small amount of movement and the complexity,
finding out about the SI joints' motion is very difficult during a
physical exam.
The SI joints are viscoelastic joints, meaning that the major
movement comes from giving or stretching. This motion is quite
different than the hinge motion of the knee or the ball and socket
motion of the hip. The main function of the SI joints is to provide
shock absorption for the spine through stretching in various
directions. The SI joints may also provide a "self-locking" mechanism
that helps you to walk. The joints lock on one side as weight is
transferred from one leg to the other.
Many problems can lead to degenerative arthritis of the SI joints.
It is often hard to determine exactly what caused the wear and tear to
the joints. One of the most common causes of problems at the SI joint
is an injury. The injury can come from a direct fall on the buttocks, a
motor vehicle accident, or even a blow to the side of your pelvis. The
force from these injuries can strain the ligaments around the joint.
Ligaments are the tough bands of connective tissue that hold joints
together. Tearing of these ligaments can lead to too much motion in the
joint. The excessive motion can eventually lead to wear and tear of the
joint and pain from degenerative arthritis. Injuries can also cause
direct injury of the articular cartilage lining the joint. This too,
over time will lead to degenerative arthritis in the joint.
Pain can also be caused by an abnormality of the sacrum bone. The
sacrum bone is actually a very specialized set of vertebrae. When your
body is undergoing development in the womb, several vertebrae fuse
together to form the sacrum. In some people the bones that make up the
sacrum never fuse together. In these cases, two or more of the vertebra
that should fuse together remain separated. This creates an odd
situation where the SI joint is malformed and a false joint occurs
(sometimes called a "transitional syndrome"). This abnormality can be
seen on X-rays. People who have this syndrome seem to have more
problems with their SI joints, as well as back pain that appears to
come from that area.
Women are at risk for developing SI joint problems later in life due
to childbirth. Female hormones are released during pregnancy that allow
the connective tissues in the body to relax. The relaxation is
necessary so that during delivery, the female pelvis can stretch enough
to allow birth. This stretching results in changes to the SI joints,
making them hypermobile (extra or overly mobile). Over a period of
years these changes can eventually lead to wear-and-tear arthritis.
During pregnancy, the SI joints can cause discomfort both from the
effects of the hormones that loosen them and from the stress of
carrying a growing baby in the pelvis. The more pregnancies a woman
has, the higher her chances of SI joint problems.
Symptoms of SI joint syndrome are often difficult to distinguish
from other types of low back pain. In most cases, there is a confusing
pattern of back and pelvic pain that mimic each other, making diagnosis
of SI joint syndrome very difficult. The most common symptoms include
- low back pain
- buttock pain
- thigh pain
- difficulty sitting in one place for too long due to pain
The diagnosis usually begins with a complete history and physical exam.
Your clinical exam may include the following orthopedic tests used
to determine if the SI joints are involved. Pain during these tests is
generally an indicator that the SI joints are indeed a problem.
- Distraction Test - The doctor stresses the SI joints by attempting to pull them apart a bit.
- Compression Test - The two sides of a joint are forced together. Pain may indicate that this SI joint is involved.
- Gaenslen's Test - The examiner will have you lie on a table with
both legs brought up to the chest. You will then shift to the side of
the table, so that one buttock is over the edge. The unsupported leg
drops over the edge and the supported leg is flexed. In this position,
SI joint problems will cause due to stress to the joint.
- Patrick's Test - The heel of one leg is crossed on top of the
opposite knee, and the top knee is pressed down to test for hip
mobility and pain.
- X-rays may also be recommended by your provider to determine if there are abnormalities of the joint.
- A CT scan
can sometimes show more detail about the joint surfaces and the
surrounding bone. If the X-rays suggest something may be affecting the
SI joints, the provider may recommend a CT scan to get a better look.
- A bone scan can be useful in determining if the joint is inflamed. An inflamed
SI joint usually shows up as a hot spot on a bone scan of the pelvis.
SI Joint Injection
Your doctor may also recommend that you undergo a fluoroscopic
injection into the joint. During this test, a local anesthetic is
injected into the joint. The doctor uses the fluoroscope to make sure
the needle is actually in the joint before injecting the medication.
The SI joints are located fairly deep in the upper buttocks and are
covered by thick muscle. It is difficult to put a needle into the joint
without some guidance. A fluoroscope is a special TV camera that uses
X-rays to allow the doctor to see on the screen the exact placement of
the needle and to make sure it is positioned accurately.
Once the needle is in the right place, anesthetic is injected to
numb the joint. If the pain goes away, your doctor can be relatively
sure that the problem is coming from the SI joint and not somewhere
else in the spine. The doctor may also add a dose of cortisone to the
injection to help ease the pain. Cortisone is a powerful
anti-inflammatory medication that calms the arthritis inside the joint
and reduces pain. The effect is usually temporary, but may last up to
several months.
Conservative Treatment
Physical Therapy
Patients commonly receive physical therapy treatment for SI joint
problems. A well-rounded rehabilitation program assists in calming pain
and inflammation, improving your mobility and strength, and helping you
do your daily activities with greater ease and ability.
Treatment choices depend on whether the SI joint is stiff or loose.
A stiff or "locked" joint responds best to mobilization, a form of
stretching used to improve joint movement. Along with hands-on
techniques used by the therapist, mobilization includes specific
exercises to improve SI joint mobility. For conditions where the joint
is too loose, such as arthritis or SI ligament injuries, stabilization
treatments are chosen to hold the joint in correct alignment.
Stabilization exercises involve posture and muscle training.
Therapy sessions may be scheduled two to three times each week for up to six weeks.
The goals of physical therapy are to help you
- learn ways to control symptoms and manage your condition
- learn correct posture and body movements to reduce SI joint strain
- obtain optimal movement and alignment of the SI joint
Sacroiliac Belt
A sacroiliac belt may be issued to help stabilize a loose and
painful SI joint. The belt wraps around the hips to squeeze and hold
the SI joints together. This supports and stabilizes the pelvis and the
SI joints. Learn more about back and neck braces.
SI Joint Injection
An injection into the SI joint using cortisone is helpful for
calming pain and inflammation. The injection usually gives temporary
relief for several weeks or months.
Surgical Treatment
Surgery may become an option if all conservative methods of
treatment fail. Surgery on the SI joint usually consists of a fusion of
the joint (also called an "arthrodesis"). Fusing the two sides of a
joint together to reduce pain has been used for many years as a
treatment for arthritic joints.
An incision is made over the SI joint in the lower back. The joints
are opened so the surgeon can see each joint surface. The articular
cartilage lining the joints is removed from both surfaces. This leaves
a fresh surface of bone instead of the normal cartilage. The bone
surfaces are then held together until they heal or fuse. Without the
articular cartilage of the joint, the body treats the two raw bone
surfaces just like a fracture, and tries to heal them like any broken
bone.
To hold the bones together, the surgeon will usually insert several
metal screws across the joint. Bone graft may also be placed around the
joint to help fuse it. The bone graft is usually removed from the
pelvic bone right beside the SI joint.
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